Time expressions with particles in Japanese Grammar

Time expressions are a crucial component of effective communication in any language. They allow us to place events in a temporal context, making our narratives coherent and understandable. In English, time expressions often come with particles—small words that help specify the exact timing of actions or events. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide to understanding and using time expressions with particles in English.

Understanding Particles in Time Expressions

Particles are small words that don’t change their form and have a grammatical function but no specific lexical meaning. In time expressions, particles like “at,” “on,” “in,” “by,” “since,” “for,” and “until” play an essential role. Each of these particles helps to convey different aspects of time, such as specific moments, durations, and deadlines.

At

The particle “at” is used to specify precise times. It often precedes clock times and specific points in time.

Examples:
– “I will meet you at 3 PM.”
– “The meeting starts at noon.”
– “The bus arrives at the station.”

On

The particle “on” is used for days and dates. It helps to pin down events to specific days of the week or calendar dates.

Examples:
– “I have a dentist appointment on Monday.”
– “Christmas falls on December 25th.”
– “We will go hiking on the weekend.”

In

The particle “in” is used for longer periods such as months, years, centuries, and seasons. It is also used for non-specific times of the day.

Examples:
– “We are planning a trip in July.”
– “The company was founded in 1990.”
– “She usually reads in the morning.”

By

The particle “by” is used to indicate a deadline or the latest time by which something should happen.

Examples:
– “I need to finish this report by Friday.”
– “Please submit your applications by the end of the month.”
– “The train should arrive by 6 PM.”

Since

The particle “since” is used to indicate the starting point of an action that continues to the present.

Examples:
– “I have been working here since 2010.”
– “She has lived in New York since she was a child.”
– “They have been friends since high school.”

For

The particle “for” is used to indicate the duration of an action or event.

Examples:
– “I have been studying English for three years.”
– “We stayed in Paris for two weeks.”
– “She has been waiting for an hour.”

Until

The particle “until” is used to indicate the end point of a period of time.

Examples:
– “The store is open until 9 PM.”
– “I will wait until you arrive.”
– “The offer is valid until the end of the month.”

Combining Particles with Time Expressions

Understanding individual particles is crucial, but language learners must also know how to combine them effectively with various time expressions. The combination often depends on the type of time expression, such as specific times, durations, and deadlines.

Specific Times

For specific times, the particles “at,” “on,” and “in” are most commonly used.

At: Used for clock times and specific moments.
– “We will meet at 7 PM.”
– “The fireworks start at midnight.”

On: Used for days of the week and specific dates.
– “Our meeting is on Tuesday.”
– “The project is due on March 15th.”

In: Used for parts of the day (morning, afternoon, evening) and longer periods like months or years.
– “I will see you in the evening.”
– “We are going to Spain in August.”

Durations

When talking about durations, the particles “for” and “since” are frequently used.

For: Indicates the length of time an action has been happening.
– “He has been running for an hour.”
– “They lived in Japan for five years.”

Since: Indicates the starting point of an ongoing action.
– “She has been teaching since 2015.”
– “I have been awake since 6 AM.”

Deadlines

For deadlines, the particles “by” and “until” are used to convey the latest possible time something can happen.

By: Specifies the latest time an action should be completed.
– “Finish your homework by tomorrow.”
– “The payment is due by the end of the week.”

Until: Specifies the end point of an action that continues up to a certain time.
– “You can stay here until Monday.”
– “The store is open until 9 PM.”

Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

While using time expressions with particles may seem straightforward, there are common pitfalls that language learners should be aware of to avoid confusion and errors.

Confusing “Since” and “For”

One common mistake is confusing “since” and “for.” Remember, “since” refers to the starting point of an action, while “for” indicates the duration.

Incorrect: “I have been studying English since three years.”
Correct: “I have been studying English for three years.”

Misusing “By” and “Until”

Another frequent error is misusing “by” and “until.” “By” indicates a deadline, while “until” refers to the continuation of an action up to a certain point.

Incorrect: “I will finish my work until 5 PM.”
Correct: “I will finish my work by 5 PM.”

Incorrect: “The store is open by 9 PM.”
Correct: “The store is open until 9 PM.”

Incorrect Use of “At,” “On,” and “In”

Learners often mix up “at,” “on,” and “in” when referring to specific times, dates, and longer periods.

Incorrect: “I will meet you on 6 PM.”
Correct: “I will meet you at 6 PM.”

Incorrect: “She was born in July 4th.”
Correct: “She was born on July 4th.”

Incorrect: “We will travel at summer.”
Correct: “We will travel in summer.”

Practical Exercises

To master the use of time expressions with particles, practical exercises can be incredibly beneficial. Here are some exercises to help reinforce your understanding.

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks with the correct particle: “at,” “on,” “in,” “by,” “since,” “for,” or “until.”

1. The movie starts ___ 8 PM.
2. I have been learning Spanish ___ two years.
3. The report is due ___ Friday.
4. She was born ___ 1992.
5. I have been working here ___ 2015.
6. The museum is open ___ 9 AM ___ 5 PM.
7. We will meet ___ the weekend.
8. He usually exercises ___ the morning.

Exercise 2: Correct the Sentences

Identify and correct the errors in the following sentences.

1. She has been here since three hours.
2. The meeting is on 2 PM.
3. I will finish the project until next week.
4. He was born in December 25th.
5. We stayed in the hotel at two weeks.
6. The store is open by 10 PM.

Exercise 3: Sentence Creation

Create sentences using the following time expressions and particles.

1. At 7 AM
2. On Monday
3. In 2020
4. By next month
5. Since last year
6. For an hour
7. Until midnight

Conclusion

Mastering time expressions with particles is essential for effective communication in English. These small words play a significant role in providing clarity and precision in our conversations. By understanding the specific functions of particles like “at,” “on,” “in,” “by,” “since,” “for,” and “until,” and knowing how to combine them with various time expressions, language learners can significantly improve their fluency and accuracy.

Practice is key to mastering these concepts. Engage in exercises, pay attention to these particles in everyday conversations, and don’t hesitate to ask for feedback from native speakers or teachers. With time and effort, using time expressions with particles will become second nature, enhancing your overall command of the English language.

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