Subject-verb agreement is a fundamental aspect of English grammar that ensures clarity and coherence in both written and spoken communication. It refers to the alignment of the subject and the verb in a sentence so that they correspond in number (singular or plural). Mastering subject-verb agreement is essential for anyone learning English because it forms the backbone of sentence structure. In this article, we will delve into the principles of subject-verb agreement, common pitfalls, and tips for mastering this crucial grammar rule.
Basic Principles of Subject-Verb Agreement
At its core, subject-verb agreement is simple: a singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb. However, the application of this rule can become intricate due to various exceptions and special cases.
1. **Singular and Plural Subjects:**
– Singular: “The cat runs fast.”
– Plural: “The cats run fast.”
2. **Compound Subjects:**
When a sentence has more than one subject joined by “and,” the verb should be plural.
– “John and Mary are coming to the party.”
3. **Subjects Joined by “Or” or “Nor”:**
When subjects are joined by “or” or “nor,” the verb should agree with the subject closest to it.
– “Neither the teacher nor the students are present.”
– “Either the students or the teacher is going to present.”
4. **Indefinite Pronouns:**
Some indefinite pronouns are always singular, some are always plural, and some can be both.
– Singular: “Everyone is invited.”
– Plural: “Many are called.”
Special Cases in Subject-Verb Agreement
Collective Nouns
Collective nouns refer to a group of individuals or things as a single entity. Whether the verb is singular or plural depends on whether the group is being considered as a single unit or as individual members.
– Singular: “The team is winning.”
– Plural: “The team are arguing among themselves.”
Subjects with Phrases or Clauses
When the subject is followed by a descriptive phrase or clause, the verb should still agree with the main subject, not with the noun or pronoun in the modifying phrase.
– “The bouquet of roses is beautiful.”
– “The book that I borrowed from the library was fascinating.”
Titles and Names
Titles of books, movies, and other works, even if plural in form, take a singular verb.
– “The Chronicles of Narnia is a popular book series.”
– “The United States is a large country.”
Common Pitfalls in Subject-Verb Agreement
Even advanced learners of English can stumble upon certain tricky aspects of subject-verb agreement. Here are some common pitfalls and how to avoid them:
Intervening Phrases
Sometimes, phrases that come between the subject and the verb can create confusion. Always ensure the verb agrees with the main subject.
– Incorrect: “The bouquet of roses are beautiful.”
– Correct: “The bouquet of roses is beautiful.”
Compound Subjects with “And” vs. “Or”
Remember that compound subjects joined by “and” take a plural verb, whereas those joined by “or” or “nor” take a verb that agrees with the closest subject.
– “The cat and the dog are friendly.”
– “Either the cat or the dogs are making noise.”
Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns can be tricky because some are always singular, some are always plural, and some can be both, depending on the context.
– Singular: “Everyone needs to bring their own lunch.”
– Plural: “Few have finished the assignment.”
Inverted Sentences
In questions or sentences that start with “here” or “there,” the subject follows the verb. Ensure the verb agrees with the actual subject.
– “Where is the keys?” (Incorrect)
– “Where are the keys?” (Correct)
Tips for Mastering Subject-Verb Agreement
Identify the Subject
Always identify the main subject of the sentence first. This will help you determine whether the subject is singular or plural, which in turn will help you choose the correct verb form.
Practice with Examples
Regular practice with a variety of sentences can help solidify your understanding of subject-verb agreement. Try writing sentences and then checking if the subject and verb agree.
Read Extensively
Reading books, articles, and other written material can help you see subject-verb agreement in context. Pay attention to how sentences are structured and how subjects and verbs align.
Use Grammar Checking Tools
There are many online tools available that can help you check for subject-verb agreement errors. These can be particularly useful when you’re writing longer texts.
Advanced Subject-Verb Agreement
Subjects with Quantifiers
Quantifiers such as “some,” “all,” “none,” “most,” etc., can be tricky. The verb should agree with the noun that follows the quantifier.
– “Some of the cake is left.”
– “Some of the cookies are left.”
Subjects with Fractions and Percentages
When using fractions or percentages, the verb agrees with the noun following “of.”
– “One-third of the cake is gone.”
– “Fifty percent of the students are present.”
Subjects with Distances, Periods of Time, Sums of Money, and Quantities
These subjects are usually singular when considered as a unit.
– “Ten miles is a long distance.”
– “Five years is a long time.”
– “Fifty dollars is enough.”
Subjects with “Each” and “Every”
Subjects preceded by “each” and “every” are always singular.
– “Each of the students is responsible.”
– “Every book and magazine is on sale.”
Conclusion
Mastering subject-verb agreement is crucial for anyone learning English. It ensures that your sentences are grammatically correct and easily understood. While the basic rules are straightforward, various exceptions and special cases can make subject-verb agreement challenging. By understanding the principles, recognizing common pitfalls, and practicing regularly, you can improve your grasp of this essential grammar rule. Remember to always identify the main subject, ensure it agrees with the verb, and stay mindful of special cases and exceptions. With practice and attention to detail, you’ll find that subject-verb agreement becomes second nature, significantly improving your overall language proficiency.
